PBIS4131 — Sociolinguistics

1. Sociolinguistics is best described as the study of…

A. The internal grammatical rules of a language independent of social context
B. The relationship between language and society, including how social factors influence language use
C. The historical development and change of languages over centuries
D. The psychological processes involved in first language acquisition

Jawaban: B. Sociolinguistics adalah cabang linguistik yang mengkaji hubungan antara bahasa dan masyarakat, termasuk bagaimana faktor sosial seperti kelas, usia, dan etnis memengaruhi penggunaan bahasa.

2. Which of the following best describes the concept of a speech community in sociolinguistics?

A. A group of people who share the same norms and attitudes toward language use
B. A group of people who speak the exact same dialect without any variation
C. A community defined solely by geographical boundaries and national borders
D. A formal institution established to regulate and preserve a standard language

Jawaban: A. Speech community dalam sosiolinguistik merujuk pada kelompok orang yang berbagi norma dan sikap yang sama terhadap penggunaan bahasa, bukan sekadar kesamaan geografi atau bentuk tuturan yang identik.

3. Language and society are said to be mutually influencing. Which statement below best illustrates the influence of society on language?

A. The invention of the printing press led to the spread of literacy across Europe
B. A linguist analyzes the phonological system of an undocumented language
C. New vocabulary is created in a community to name newly emerging social phenomena
D. A child learns to produce grammatically correct sentences through imitation

Jawaban: C. Penciptaan kosakata baru untuk fenomena sosial yang muncul menunjukkan bagaimana perubahan sosial secara langsung mendorong perubahan dan perkembangan bahasa.

4. In sociolinguistics, the term “language variety” refers to…

A. The number of languages spoken in a particular country
B. A stylistic device used by poets to create literary effects
C. The standard form of a language as codified in official dictionaries
D. Any distinguishable form of a language used by a particular group or in a particular situation

Jawaban: D. Language variety adalah istilah netral dalam sosiolinguistik yang mencakup segala bentuk bahasa yang dapat dibedakan, termasuk dialek, register, dan idiolek yang digunakan oleh kelompok atau dalam situasi tertentu.

5. Code switching is defined as…

A. The gradual replacement of one language by another in a bilingual community over generations
B. The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties within a single conversation or utterance
C. The formal teaching of a second language in an educational setting
D. The process by which a pidgin language develops into a creole

Jawaban: B. Code switching adalah pergantian kode (bahasa atau varietas) yang dilakukan penutur dalam percakapan yang sama, berbeda dengan language shift yang merupakan proses jangka panjang penggantian bahasa.

6. A speaker chooses to use a formal variety of language when addressing a judge in court. This choice is primarily driven by…

A. The social role and power relationship between the speaker and the addressee
B. The speaker’s lack of familiarity with informal speech patterns
C. The geographical region where the speaker was born and raised
D. The phonological limitations of the speaker’s native dialect

Jawaban: A. Pemilihan varietas bahasa sangat dipengaruhi oleh hubungan kekuasaan dan peran sosial antara penutur dan lawan bicara, di mana situasi formal dengan figur otoritas mendorong penggunaan ragam resmi.

7. According to Ferguson’s model, diglossia refers to a situation in which…

A. Two completely unrelated languages are used by different ethnic groups in one country
B. A community uses three or more languages for different official purposes
C. Two varieties of the same language coexist in a community, each used in distinct social functions
D. Two languages merge into one new mixed language through prolonged contact

Jawaban: C. Diglossia menurut Ferguson adalah kondisi di mana dua varietas satu bahasa hidup berdampingan dalam masyarakat, yakni varietas tinggi (H) untuk fungsi formal dan varietas rendah (L) untuk situasi informal.

8. In a diglossic community, the High (H) variety is typically used in which of the following situations?

A. Conversations between family members at the dinner table
B. Informal storytelling and jokes among close friends
C. Instructions given by a parent to a young child at home
D. Religious ceremonies, formal education, and official media broadcasts

Jawaban: D. Varietas tinggi (H) dalam diglosia digunakan dalam domain-domain prestisius dan formal seperti ibadah, pendidikan, dan siaran resmi, sementara varietas rendah (L) dipakai dalam situasi sehari-hari yang santai.

9. Bilingualism at the individual level is best described as…

A. A government policy that recognizes two official languages in a country
B. The ability of an individual to use two languages with some degree of proficiency
C. The process by which a monolingual community gradually adopts a second language
D. A linguistic phenomenon in which two languages are structurally merged into one

Jawaban: B. Bilingualisme pada tataran individu merujuk pada kemampuan seseorang menggunakan dua bahasa dalam berbagai tingkat kefasihan, tanpa mensyaratkan penguasaan yang sempurna pada kedua bahasa tersebut.

10. A student switches from English to Bahasa Indonesia when asking a friend for help during a class break. This is an example of code switching motivated by…

A. Phonological interference from the student’s first language
B. The student’s inability to express the idea in the original language
C. A shift in the social situation from formal academic context to informal peer interaction
D. Compliance with a school policy requiring students to use a specific language

Jawaban: C. Pergantian kode sering terjadi karena perubahan situasi sosial, di mana saat istirahat kelas penutur beralih ke varietas yang lebih intim dan informal untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan interaksi teman sebaya.

11. Which of the following is an example of metaphorical code switching?

A. A father switches from the regional language to the national language mid-conversation to signal that the topic has become more serious
B. A tourist uses English with a hotel receptionist because neither speaks the other’s native language
C. A speaker uses formal language throughout a job interview without switching at any point
D. Two scientists communicate in Latin because it is the traditional language of scientific writing

Jawaban: A. Metaphorical code switching terjadi ketika penutur mengganti kode bukan karena perubahan situasi fisik, melainkan untuk menyampaikan makna sosial atau emosional tertentu, seperti keseriusan atau kedekatan.

12. Situational code switching differs from metaphorical code switching in that situational code switching occurs when…

A. The speaker deliberately uses an ironic or figurative meaning through language change
B. The speaker has insufficient vocabulary in one language to continue the conversation
C. The speaker switches in order to express solidarity with a particular ethnic group
D. The change of participants, setting, or topic requires a different language or variety

Jawaban: D. Situational code switching dipicu oleh perubahan nyata dalam situasi komunikasi seperti pergantian lawan bicara, lokasi, atau topik, bukan oleh tujuan retoris atau emosional seperti pada metaphorical code switching.

13. A dialect is best distinguished from a language based on the criterion of…

A. The number of native speakers who use it as their primary means of communication
B. Mutual intelligibility and political or social recognition by the community
C. The presence of a written form and a standardized grammar system
D. The geographical distance between the regions where each variety is spoken

Jawaban: B. Perbedaan dialek dan bahasa tidak selalu bersifat linguistik murni, tetapi sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor saling pengertian (mutual intelligibility) serta pengakuan politik dan sosial dari komunitas penuturnya.

14. A regional dialect is primarily defined as a variety of language that is associated with…

A. A specific social class or occupational group within a community
B. A formal variety used in official government communication
C. A particular geographical area and the people who live in that area
D. A variety spoken only by elderly members of a community as younger generations shift away

Jawaban: C. Dialek regional adalah varietas bahasa yang dikaitkan dengan wilayah geografis tertentu dan penutur yang tinggal di sana, berbeda dengan dialek sosial yang berkaitan dengan kelompok sosial tertentu.

15. In sociolinguistics, an idiolect refers to…

A. The unique linguistic features that characterize an individual speaker’s use of language
B. A variety of language shared by members of a small isolated community
C. A simplified form of language used for communication between speakers of different languages
D. A slang variety developed and used exclusively by adolescent peer groups

Jawaban: A. Idiolek adalah varietas bahasa yang bersifat individual, mencerminkan ciri khas tuturan seseorang yang terbentuk dari latar belakang, pengalaman, dan kebiasaan berbahasa yang unik miliknya.

16. Which of the following statements correctly describes a social dialect (sociolect)?

A. It is a variety spoken in an isolated mountain region with little contact with the outside world
B. It is a variety that results from the mixing of two unrelated languages over a long period
C. It is the standard form of a language taught in schools and used in official documents
D. It is a variety associated with a particular social group, such as a class, profession, or age group

Jawaban: D. Sosiolek atau dialek sosial adalah varietas bahasa yang mencerminkan keanggotaan penutur dalam kelompok sosial tertentu, seperti kelas ekonomi, profesi, atau kelompok usia.

17. Received Pronunciation (RP) in British English is considered a prestige accent primarily because…

A. It has more vowels and consonants than other British dialects
B. It is associated with education, social class, and is used in broadcasting and formal contexts
C. It is the oldest form of English that has remained unchanged since the medieval period
D. It is spoken by the majority of the population in England

Jawaban: B. RP mendapatkan statusnya sebagai aksen bergengsi karena secara historis dikaitkan dengan golongan terdidik dan kelas atas Inggris, serta digunakan dalam siaran resmi dan konteks formal.

18. One of the major phonological differences between British English and American English is that American English is generally…

A. Non-rhotic, meaning the /r/ sound is not pronounced after vowels in words like “car” and “bird”
B. More conservative, retaining pronunciation patterns from 17th-century English
C. Rhotic, meaning the /r/ sound is pronounced in all positions including after vowels
D. Characterized by a broader vowel system with more distinct vowel contrasts than British English

Jawaban: C. American English bersifat rhotik, artinya bunyi /r/ diucapkan di semua posisi termasuk setelah vokal, sementara British English standar (RP) bersifat non-rhotik dan tidak melafalkan /r/ pasca-vokal.

19. Language variation that occurs according to the social characteristics of the speaker, such as age, gender, and social class, is called…

A. Diastratic variation
B. Diatopic variation
C. Diachronic variation
D. Diaphasic variation

Jawaban: A. Diastratic variation mengacu pada variasi bahasa yang berkaitan dengan karakteristik sosial penutur seperti usia, jenis kelamin, dan kelas sosial, berbeda dengan diatopic (wilayah) atau diaphasic (situasi).

20. Which of the following best describes the concept of register in sociolinguistics?

A. The set of vocabulary items unique to a specific geographical dialect
B. The historical stage of a language’s development at a particular point in time
C. The phonological inventory that distinguishes one language from another
D. A variety of language used in a specific social situation or for a specific purpose, such as legal or medical language

Jawaban: D. Register adalah varietas bahasa fungsional yang digunakan dalam konteks atau tujuan sosial tertentu, misalnya register hukum, register medis, atau register akademik, yang masing-masing memiliki ciri leksikal dan gramatikal khas.

21. Language variation according to the formality of the situation is known as…

A. Diastratic variation
B. Diaphasic variation
C. Diatopic variation
D. Diachronic variation

Jawaban: B. Diaphasic variation adalah variasi bahasa yang berkaitan dengan situasi komunikasi dan tingkat formalitasnya, sehingga mencakup penggunaan register yang berbeda dalam konteks yang berbeda-beda.

22. Sociolinguistic transfer in the context of language teaching refers to…

A. The translation of grammatical structures from a second language into the learner’s first language
B. The use of audiovisual materials to transfer cultural knowledge to language learners
C. The application of sociolinguistic norms and rules of language use from one language to another
D. The movement of students from a monolingual class to a bilingual language program

Jawaban: C. Sociolinguistic transfer terjadi ketika pelajar bahasa menerapkan norma-norma sosiolinguistik dari bahasa pertama ke bahasa kedua, yang dapat menyebabkan kesalahan pragmatik meskipun secara gramatikal benar.

23. A student learning English as a foreign language uses a direct request form like “Give me the book” when addressing a teacher, which is considered inappropriate in English-speaking contexts. This is an example of…

A. Sociolinguistic transfer from the learner’s first language norms of politeness
B. Phonological interference causing miscommunication between speaker and listener
C. A grammar error caused by overgeneralization of second language rules
D. Code switching from the learner’s native language to the target language

Jawaban: A. Pelajar mentransfer norma kesopanan dari bahasa pertamanya ke bahasa Inggris sehingga menghasilkan ujaran yang gramatikal tetapi tidak sesuai secara pragmatik dan sosiolinguistik dalam konteks target.

24. Which of the following best describes the role of language variety in English language teaching?

A. Students should only be exposed to a single standard variety to avoid confusion
B. Non-standard varieties should be eliminated from the curriculum because they interfere with learning
C. Only American English should be used in the classroom because it is the most globally widespread
D. Awareness of language varieties helps learners understand authentic communication in diverse contexts

Jawaban: D. Pemahaman tentang varietas bahasa sangat penting dalam pengajaran bahasa Inggris karena mempersiapkan pelajar untuk berkomunikasi secara efektif dalam berbagai konteks nyata yang melibatkan ragam penutur.

25. Bilingual education programs that aim to maintain and develop the students’ first language alongside the second language are known as…

A. Submersion programs, where minority language students are taught entirely in the majority language
B. Maintenance bilingual programs, which support the continued use of the home language
C. Transitional programs, which use the first language briefly as a bridge until the second language is mastered
D. Immersion programs, which use only the target language for all instruction

Jawaban: B. Program pendidikan bilingual pemeliharaan (maintenance) bertujuan mengembangkan kemampuan bahasa pertama siswa sekaligus bahasa kedua, sehingga bahasa ibu tetap dijaga dan tidak tergantikan.

26. Bilingual education differs from monolingual education primarily in that bilingual education…

A. Focuses exclusively on the development of reading and writing skills in the target language
B. Eliminates the use of the learner’s first language to accelerate second language acquisition
C. Uses two languages as mediums of instruction for teaching academic content
D. Is limited to multilingual countries where no single national language exists

Jawaban: C. Pendidikan bilingual secara fundamental menggunakan dua bahasa sebagai media pengajaran dalam proses pembelajaran, bukan hanya mengajarkan bahasa sebagai mata pelajaran tersendiri.

27. The primary goal of sociolinguistics research, as distinguished from formal linguistic research, is to…

A. Understand how language functions within real social contexts and how it relates to social factors
B. Develop universal grammar rules that apply to all languages regardless of context
C. Discover the neurological mechanisms underlying human language comprehension
D. Trace the historical evolution of syntax and morphology across language families

Jawaban: A. Penelitian sosiolinguistik berfokus pada bahasa dalam penggunaan nyata di masyarakat, mengkaji hubungan antara variasi bahasa dan faktor-faktor sosial seperti kelas, etnis, dan situasi komunikasi.

28. Which of the following research methods is most commonly associated with sociolinguistic fieldwork?

A. Laboratory experiments that control all variables to measure physiological responses to language stimuli
B. Pure mathematical modeling of phonological patterns using computational algorithms
C. Textual analysis of ancient manuscripts to trace language change across centuries
D. Participant observation and interviews conducted within a natural speech community

Jawaban: D. Penelitian sosiolinguistik lapangan mengandalkan metode kualitatif seperti observasi partisipan dan wawancara dalam komunitas tutur alami untuk mendapatkan data bahasa yang otentik dan representatif.

29. Labov’s concept of the observer’s paradox in sociolinguistic research states that…

A. Researchers tend to favor data that confirms their initial hypothesis about language change
B. The goal of linguistic research is to observe vernacular speech, but the act of observation itself changes how people speak
C. Observer bias makes it impossible to conduct reliable sociolinguistic research in diverse communities
D. Speakers are paradoxically aware of their own linguistic variation but cannot describe it accurately

Jawaban: B. Observer’s paradox Labov menggambarkan dilema bahwa peneliti ingin merekam tuturan vernakular alami, namun kehadiran peneliti dan alat rekam membuat penutur cenderung memodifikasi cara bicara mereka.

30. A sociolinguist conducts a study by analyzing recordings of natural conversations in a marketplace without the speakers’ knowledge. This approach is used to obtain…

A. Prescriptive data about how the language should ideally be spoken in formal contexts
B. Controlled experimental data with measurable independent and dependent variables
C. Authentic vernacular speech data that is free from the effects of observation
D. Comparative data between the written and spoken forms of the same language

Jawaban: C. Merekam percakapan tanpa sepengetahuan penutur adalah strategi yang digunakan peneliti untuk mendapatkan data tuturan vernakular yang otentik, guna meminimalkan dampak observer’s paradox.

31. Linguistic relativity, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, proposes that…

A. The language one speaks influences how one perceives and thinks about the world
B. All human languages share a universal grammar that reflects common cognitive structures
C. The vocabulary of a language grows in proportion to the technological advancement of its speakers
D. Languages spoken in geographically isolated areas tend to be more grammatically complex

Jawaban: A. Hipotesis Sapir-Whorf atau relativitas linguistik menyatakan bahwa struktur dan kosakata bahasa yang digunakan seseorang mempengaruhi cara ia memandang dan mengkonseptualisasikan realita.

32. Language planning refers to deliberate efforts made by…

A. Individual speakers to improve their personal vocabulary and pronunciation over time
B. Linguists to document endangered languages before they become extinct
C. Publishers to ensure that dictionaries and textbooks reflect the current standard language
D. Authorities or institutions to influence or regulate language use, status, or form within a community

Jawaban: D. Language planning adalah intervensi terencana oleh pihak berwenang atau institusi untuk mempengaruhi, mengatur, atau mengembangkan penggunaan, status, atau bentuk bahasa dalam suatu komunitas.

33. A researcher studying a bilingual community finds that younger generations increasingly prefer the dominant language over the heritage language in all domains of life. This phenomenon is called…

A. Code switching, because speakers are alternating between two languages
B. Language shift, because the community is moving away from using its heritage language
C. Language maintenance, because the heritage language is still being used by some members
D. Diglossia, because two languages serve different functions within the community

Jawaban: B. Language shift adalah proses di mana komunitas secara bertahap berpindah dari penggunaan satu bahasa ke bahasa lain, yang sering terjadi ketika generasi muda meninggalkan bahasa warisan demi bahasa yang lebih dominan.

34. Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between language and social identity?

A. Social identity is fixed at birth and is reflected without change in an individual’s language use throughout life
B. Language and social identity are unrelated because language is purely a communication tool
C. Language serves as a marker of social group membership and can be used to construct, express, or negotiate identity
D. Social identity determines vocabulary but has no influence on phonology or grammar choices

Jawaban: C. Bahasa berfungsi sebagai penanda identitas sosial yang dinamis, di mana penutur menggunakannya untuk mengekspresikan keanggotaan dalam kelompok sosial tertentu dan bernegosiasi tentang identitas mereka dalam interaksi.

35. In Fishman’s extended notion of diglossia, which of the following situations is considered most stable for language maintenance?

A. Diglossia with bilingualism, where both H and L varieties are functionally distributed across different domains
B. Bilingualism without diglossia, where individuals use two languages interchangeably in all domains
C. Diglossia without bilingualism, where separate groups speak only the H or only the L variety
D. Neither diglossia nor bilingualism, found in small isolated monolingual communities

Jawaban: A. Menurut Fishman, diglosia yang disertai bilingualisme adalah kondisi paling stabil karena masyarakat memiliki pembagian domain yang jelas untuk masing-masing varietas sehingga keduanya dapat bertahan berdampingan.

36. Labov’s study of Martha’s Vineyard demonstrated that phonological variation in a community can be motivated by…

A. Random drift in the speech of elderly speakers with diminishing social contact
B. Genetic differences in the vocal apparatus of speakers from different ethnic backgrounds
C. Influence from a prestigious external variety introduced through mass media
D. Social attitudes and the desire to express local identity in contrast to outsiders

Jawaban: D. Studi Martha’s Vineyard Labov menunjukkan bahwa penutur yang memiliki identifikasi kuat dengan pulau tersebut cenderung memperkuat fitur fonetik lokal sebagai ekspresi kebanggaan dan resistensi terhadap pengaruh luar.

37. The term “vernacular” in sociolinguistics refers to…

A. The official written form of a language used in government and legal documents
B. The everyday informal variety of language used naturally by a speech community, often acquired at home
C. A simplified contact language developed between speakers of mutually unintelligible languages
D. A variety spoken exclusively by professional and educated members of society

Jawaban: B. Vernakular adalah varietas bahasa sehari-hari yang informal dan diperoleh secara alami dalam lingkungan rumah dan komunitas, tanpa mengalami normalisasi atau standardisasi formal.

38. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of language accommodation in sociolinguistics?

A. A speaker consistently uses the same variety regardless of who they are talking to
B. A teacher uses a regional dialect in class to challenge students’ standard language assumptions
C. A speaker gradually adopts features of their interlocutor’s speech style to increase social closeness
D. A writer adapts a spoken text into a formal written document for publication

Jawaban: C. Language accommodation adalah proses di mana penutur menyesuaikan cara bicara mereka dengan lawan bicaranya, baik untuk mendekatkan diri (convergence) maupun menjaga jarak (divergence).

39. Intrasentential code switching refers to switching that occurs…

A. Within a single sentence, embedding elements from two different languages
B. Between two complete sentences at a turn-taking boundary in a conversation
C. At the paragraph level when a speaker changes the topic of discussion
D. Across two different conversations on separate occasions

Jawaban: A. Intrasentential code switching terjadi di dalam satu kalimat ketika penutur menyisipkan unsur dari bahasa lain ke dalam kalimat yang sedang dituturkan, berbeda dengan intersentential yang terjadi antarkalimat.

40. Which of the following is an accurate statement about language and gender in sociolinguistics?

A. Men and women use entirely different grammatical systems within the same language community
B. Gender differences in language use are identical across all cultures and languages worldwide
C. Women consistently use more elaborate vocabulary than men in all speech communities studied
D. Studies show systematic differences in how men and women use language, influenced by social norms and expectations

Jawaban: D. Penelitian sosiolinguistik telah mendokumentasikan perbedaan sistematis dalam penggunaan bahasa berdasarkan gender, namun perbedaan ini dipengaruhi oleh norma sosial dan tidak bersifat universal atau biologis.

41. The “domain” concept introduced by Fishman in sociolinguistics refers to…

A. The territorial boundary within which a specific language variety is legally recognized
B. A cluster of social situations, participants, and topics that conventionally call for the use of a particular language variety
C. The academic discipline concerned with the study of language in its social context
D. A technical area of expertise that requires specialized vocabulary and jargon

Jawaban: B. Konsep domain Fishman mengacu pada konteks sosial yang mengelompokkan situasi, pelaku, dan topik tertentu yang secara konvensional diasosiasikan dengan penggunaan varietas bahasa tertentu, seperti domain keluarga atau agama.

42. Corpus-based sociolinguistic studies are advantageous primarily because they…

A. Allow researchers to control the speech of participants in a laboratory setting
B. Eliminate the need for fieldwork entirely, reducing time and costs
C. Provide large amounts of naturally occurring language data that can reveal patterns across many speakers
D. Focus exclusively on written language, which is more stable and easier to analyze

Jawaban: C. Studi berbasis korpus dalam sosiolinguistik unggul karena mampu menganalisis data bahasa alami dalam jumlah besar yang mencerminkan pola penggunaan nyata oleh banyak penutur dalam berbagai konteks.

43. Labov’s department store study in New York City was designed to investigate the social stratification of which phonological variable?

A. Postvocalic /r/ pronunciation and its correlation with the social prestige of the store
B. Vowel nasalization patterns across different ethnic groups in New York
C. Consonant cluster simplification and its relation to education level
D. Intonation patterns used by salespeople of different social backgrounds

Jawaban: A. Studi department store Labov menginvestigasi pelafalan /r/ pasca-vokal di tiga toko dengan tingkat prestise sosial berbeda, menemukan bahwa karyawan toko bergengsi lebih tinggi cenderung melafalkan /r/ lebih konsisten.

44. In sociolinguistics, a “prestige variety” is one that…

A. Has the largest number of native speakers in a given country
B. Has the most complex grammatical system among the varieties of a language
C. Is spoken only in capital cities and major urban centers
D. Is associated with high social status and is often considered the norm for formal and educational contexts

Jawaban: D. Varietas bergengsi (prestige variety) adalah varietas bahasa yang secara sosial dikaitkan dengan status tinggi, pendidikan, dan kekuasaan, sehingga dijadikan tolok ukur dalam konteks formal dan pendidikan.

45. Covert prestige in sociolinguistics refers to the positive value attached to…

A. Standard high varieties used in formal media and government institutions
B. Non-standard varieties that signal solidarity, toughness, or group loyalty among their speakers
C. Varieties spoken by secret societies or closed professional groups
D. Languages that have no official recognition but are widely used in trade and commerce

Jawaban: B. Covert prestige adalah nilai positif tersembunyi yang diberikan penutur pada varietas non-standar karena varietas tersebut melambangkan solidaritas, maskulinitas, atau kesetiaan kelompok, meskipun tidak diakui secara resmi.

46. Which of the following is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a pidgin from a creole?

A. A pidgin is used for literary purposes while a creole is restricted to everyday communication
B. A pidgin has a fixed grammatical structure while a creole has none
C. A pidgin is a contact language with no native speakers, while a creole has become the native language of a community
D. A pidgin is more complex than a creole in terms of morphology and syntax

Jawaban: C. Perbedaan mendasar antara pidgin dan kreol adalah bahwa pidgin tidak memiliki penutur asli dan berfungsi sebagai bahasa kontak terbatas, sementara kreol adalah pidgin yang telah berkembang menjadi bahasa ibu komunitas.

47. In the context of bilingualism research, compound bilingualism refers to a situation in which…

A. The two languages are acquired simultaneously and linked to a single conceptual system
B. The second language is learned formally in a classroom after the first language is established
C. A speaker uses one language for all professional purposes and another for all personal interactions
D. Two languages are kept strictly separate with no mixing or transfer between them

Jawaban: A. Compound bilingualism terjadi ketika kedua bahasa diperoleh secara bersamaan dalam lingkungan yang sama, sehingga keduanya terhubung ke satu sistem konseptual yang sama dalam kognisi penutur.

48. A comparative analysis of two sociolinguistic studies on language choice in urban vs. rural bilingual communities would most likely focus on which of the following variables?

A. The phonemic inventory and articulatory features of the two community languages
B. The frequency of subordinate clauses in the spoken language of each community
C. The genetic relatedness of the two languages spoken in each community
D. Patterns of domain-based language choice, attitudes toward each language, and degree of language shift

Jawaban: D. Studi komparatif sosiolinguistik pada komunitas bilingual di perkotaan vs. pedesaan akan berfokus pada pola pemilihan bahasa berdasarkan domain, sikap terhadap bahasa, dan tingkat pergeseran bahasa sebagai variabel utama.

49. A study finds that upper-middle-class speakers in a city use more standard variants of a linguistic variable in casual speech than working-class speakers do in formal speech. This phenomenon, observed by Labov, is known as…

A. Language accommodation, because speakers adjust their speech toward a prestige norm
B. Hypercorrection, specifically the crossover pattern showing insecurity of the lower-middle class
C. Register shifting, where speakers in formal contexts adopt features from higher social varieties
D. Language convergence due to increased contact between social classes in urban settings

Jawaban: B. Pola crossover Labov menunjukkan bahwa kelas menengah bawah dalam situasi formal cenderung melampaui kelas sosial di atasnya dalam penggunaan variabel bergengsi, mencerminkan ketidakamanan linguistik (linguistic insecurity).

50. Which of the following best summarizes the significance of sociolinguistic research for English language teaching practice?

A. It confirms that a single standard variety of English should be the only acceptable model in all teaching contexts
B. It shows that grammar and pronunciation are the only relevant components of communicative competence
C. It informs teachers about the role of social context, language variation, and communicative competence in authentic language use
D. It demonstrates that learners should focus exclusively on acquiring the formal written register of English

Jawaban: C. Penelitian sosiolinguistik memberikan landasan bagi pengajaran bahasa Inggris dengan menegaskan pentingnya kompetensi komunikatif, kesadaran akan variasi bahasa, dan relevansi konteks sosial dalam penggunaan bahasa yang autentik.

PBIS4131 — Sociolinguistics

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